![]() Never have I ever is always a fun game to play, so try not to think too much when you are playing it. Where does your partner stand? 6 funny never have i ever questions for couples Half the world loves it, the other half hates it. And so is the feeling when you actually crack the code! 28. Never have I ever tried to guess the neighbor's Wi-Fi password This may not seem like one of the great questions to ask, but it might just result in planning in impromptu holiday! 27. Never have I ever dated two people at once But the sign of a great driver is being able to drive stick. Never have I ever driven a stick shiftĪutomatics have made driving so much easier. Sometimes, you know, you just need some "friends-time". Never have I ever chosen to hang out with the boys over my partner Never have I ever feared meeting my partner's parentsĮven the bravest amongst us are afraid to meet their partner's parents. 7 Never Have I Ever Questions For Couples You Can Also Ask A Guy Missing a flight always comes with an incredible story. But it is good to get the heads up now, so you can help if it happens again. Never have I ever experienced extreme mood swingĮxtreme mood swings are no fun. Honesty is important in both life and Instagram posts. Never have I ever posted a filtered photo and said it has no filter If the answer is yes, more detail will need to be provided. Never have I ever laughed at an inappropriate time But now, well, we're not too sure if it was worth all that wishing. When you are a kid, all you want to be is older. And then there are those are consistently late? Which one are you? 17. There are some people who are very early. Never have I ever said I was already on my way when I was still at home This is an awful way to get out of a date, but sometimes, you know, you just have to. Never have I ever lied about being sick to avoid a date Via: Pexels / Elena Buzmakova(borisova) 15. If you are afraid of spiders and your partner is afraid of spiders, then WHO GETS RID OF THE SPIDERS! 7 Never Have I Ever Questions For Couples You Can Also Ask A Girl Never have I ever freaked out upon seeing a spider Sometimes you have to ask the hard questions before you get to the fun questions. Never have I ever questions for couples aren't always happy and fun. Never have I ever thought of jumping from a bridge PLEASE NOTE: Admitting to having a dark secret will result in your or your partner having to divulge details of said secret. Only a certain vintage of people will admit to this, so make sure you ask the right people. Well then its obviously a great question to ask. Never have I ever danced in the showerĭancing in the shower. Your partner may seem all cute and wholesome but admitting to a felony can make you see them in a whole other light. Never have I ever walked into the wrong restroomĮmbarrassing when it happens. 7 Never Have I Ever Get To Know You Questions For Couples Normally being passive-aggressive will get you nowhere, but this time, it just might. Never have I ever pretended I didn't hear you Although we are all blessed with our own good looks, having the face of Chris Evans always helps. Never have I ever wished you had a different face If you ask this question, be prepared for a long conversation. Never have I ever lied about something important Never have I ever marveled at how amazing you areĮveryone finds it hard taking compliments, so why not give a compliment with a never have I ever question. This question is a little bit dark but is completely warranted if you are going through a rough patch. Never have I ever thought about leaving you It's difficult to believe that someone has never pretended to be interested in something, but hey, you never know! 3. Never have I ever Feigned interest so you would be happy This question has the potential to be a minefield, so make sure you answer it truthfully. Never have I ever Deleted a chat conversation so you wouldn’t see it Via: Bigstockphoto / LightField Studios 1.
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![]() In order to finish this game in its entirety at this point, I would be able to buy quite a few xbox/playstation games and as you can see, that’s not even comparable to an app.Ĭannot believe I am writing this bc I cant stand when ppl say this bc it’s usually not so dramatic but this is one of the times it’s unfortunately true! It makes me feel awful to give it such a low rating! It’s a fun game I have loved for years! Time mngmnt games have always been my fav! Most aspects of the game are great! BUT The issue I have is a pretty big one! Each section of levels starts the upgrade process all over again! Therefore, u have to earn enough coins/gems for them each “round”. ![]() I cannot see paying so much for this game. I would have to spend at least $10-20 just to advance to the next section and as far as I can see, there are at least 5 more sections ahead of me, which if they are like any of the other sections, you will have to use gems to make store upgrades just to pass majority of the levels. You don’t achieve enough during actual game play and I refuse to pay additional $ in this game, especially when the gems are priced so expensively. However, what I don’t love is how you can only advance to new levels/sections of the game by using gems/crystals/diamonds, whatever they are. Jan 17, 2018: I really love this game, it’s one of my favorite genre of games to play. SMHįeb 1, 2018: does anyone know what the last 2 updates were about? There isn’t an explanation and I can’t tell any difference besides the apps thumbnail pic. It's barely any of those types of games available as is. I can see if you added this new addition in order to achieve more gems and coins for the original version of the game but not to take away the very thing that makes it a time management game. Why in the world would you guys change the entire dynamics of the game. ![]() You can play this game whether you’re offline or online.June 9, 2018: So I must say that this is even more disappointing. You may disable in-app purchases in your device settings. While this game is absolutely free to play, you have the ability to unlock optional bonuses via in-app purchases from within the game. Upgrade your equipment to boost revenue.Sell dozens of products with savvy and great service.Satisfy a variety of demanding customers.Complete hundreds of challenging levels on the city map.Tackle numerous quests to earn achievements and rewards and grow your enterprise into a wild success. Manage unique stores through hundreds of challenging yet amusing levels, serve different types of choosy customers and upgrade your shelves and freezers so that they can hold more inventory. Roll up your sleeves, open new supermarkets and help Nikki keep them stocked to the rafters. Head to Tinseltown with Nikki and her friends to help the Mayor strengthen the city’s economic development. Join millions of players who are already fans of Nikki! Running a grocery chain can be a lot of fun! Dive into this highly addictive time management game Supermarket Mania® Journey – and prepare to stay on your toes every single second. But There’s Always a Glimmer of HopeĪlthough pockets of the economy are booming, the unemployment rate remains above where it stood before the pandemic, and other enhancements, such as the expanded child tax credit, have expired. ![]() Until this trend reverses, federal stimulus is likely on pause, if not over completely. The Biden administration seems focused primarily on infrastructure spending, while many economists warn that additional stimulus would only accelerate the rise in inflation, which hit an astonishing 8.5% in March 2022. But the federal government’s appetite for more direct stimulus is waning. Of that, roughly $1.8 trillion went directly to individuals and families, while another $1.7 trillion went to businesses. government injected roughly $5 trillion in stimulus money into the economy. See: 50 Ways You’re Throwing Money Away Federal Stimulus Is Likely Overįrom March 2020 to February 2022, the U.S. What does this mean for additional stimulus payments in spring 2022?įind Out: How To Get Rich With a Normal Job ![]() ![]() Combined with the trillions of dollars of stimulus money in the system, inflation exploded in early 2022 to levels not seen in decades. But even as widespread mask mandates and travel restrictions remained in place, the American economy enjoyed a sharp and rapid recovery. Stimulus payments came in waves, and as the pandemic lengthened, it almost seemed as if the government would continue to print money forever to bail out the economy. The coronavirus pandemic brought unprecedented stimulus to American businesses and workers to the tune of trillions of dollars. ![]() This extension uses the Ruffle emulator: Īdobe Flash Player is a trademark of Adobe, Inc. Some users may have a limited number of free plays per month without a subscription. Please contact if you have issues or feedback. ![]() Please see for more info on compatibility. We stand with Ukraine to help keep people safe. Read 1072 user reviews and compare with similar apps on MacUpdate. This Flash Player extension will work in 2022, 2023, and beyond.Ĭompatibility Note: The emulator has limited support for ActionScript 3 and may not work with all Flash content. Download the latest version of Adobe Pepper Flash Player for Mac for free. How to install Adobe Flash Player - Windows 10. Play games, videos, and other Flash content on any website.Īlso play local Flash files and direct SWF URLs with Premium. Download the latest version of Adobe Pepper Flash Player for Mac for free. No need to download extra apps, use old plugin versions, or be without your favorite games. It's easy to use: Click once and that's it! The extension does all the work for you. Want to fix "Adobe Flash Player is no longer supported" and "This plugin is not supported" error messages? This extension will remove those messages and allow you to play Flash in any website with a single click. dmg file.Play Flash anytime, even in 2022 and beyond, using an emulator. Clean up your downloads folder by deleting the AdobeFlashPlayer. Once the download is complete, you can reopen your browser and continue to the sites using flash. Download Adobe Flash Player For Mac Os X 10.7.5ħ. You will need to confirm you want to open the file that was downloaded from the Internet by clicking “Open.” Then enter your administrative password for the software to download. Double-click on the Install Adobe Flash icon to install the updates to the player. Click the Downloads folder and click on the AdobeFlashPlayer. dmg file to download to your Downloads folder.ĥ. You’ll want to click on the large yellow button “Update Now,” which will prompt a. And now, this app updated to the latest version. Click “Yes” to go to Adobe Flash website and download the latest version.Ĥ. Today Debian was release Video & Movies app for Windows 10 (Linux, Chrome OS, Chrome, Debian, Chromium). Download adobe flash player for windows 10 64 bit free free registered trademarks, product names and company names or logos are the property of their respective owners. Adobe Flash Player for Windows 10 is developed and updated by Adobe. Yo’ll see Update Available if there’s a newer version of Adobe Flash Player. Move now to the new browsers innovation and join the era of HTML5. Click on the “Updates” tab and then select “Check Now” next to each installed plug-in.ģ. On the last row of System Preferences, you’ll see an icon for Flash Player. Latest adobe flash player for mac os x 10.5.8. How to update adobe flash player for mac. If you’re on a website that brings up a message saying your Flash Player is out-of-date, don’t click to “Download Flash.” Instead go to System Preferences by clicking on the Apple logo at the top left. Update Adobe Flash Player Adobe Flash Player For Mac Os X 10.7.5ġ. Follow these steps to ensure you are installing your Adobe Flash Player updates safely and correctly. Chromium-basierten Browser mit PPAPI (Pepper-Plugin-API) Adobe Flash 19: Adobe. Whenever you’re prompted to update your Flash Player, you should verify the validity of any updates through System Preferences rather than by clicking on a website button. Adobe Shockwave Player Free & Safe Download for Windows 11, 10, 7, 8/8. The main issue with updating Adobe Flash Player is that some update warnings are fake and may prompt you to click and download malware and ransomware on your Mac. Nevertheless, many popular sites still use Flash and uninstalling it can be inconvenient and cumbersome. Security vulnerabilities with Adobe Flash have caused many to uninstall Flash altogether. Updating Adobe Flash Player is not the most straightforward process even for the most experienced Mac users. This Flash player direct download links enables you to install without connection to the internet,find the suitable version for your Pc. Find the Installation files as Adobe Flash player 17 Offline Installer /Standalone download. Download Adobe Flash Player For Mac Os X 10.7.5Īdobe flash player 17 for Windows 7, windows 8, windows 10, Mac and Linux systems. The problem, then, is the predictability of these characters – reminding you so much of the protagonist-antagonist dynamic from Heat – along with the inevitability of the screenplay, which unfurls like one long connect-the-dots exercise: the honest cop of Serpico stumbles upon the drug money of The French Connection while on the tail of an ethnic mob family out of The Godfather (right down to a replay of the Michael-Fredo fraternal liplock)… With this director and these charismatic stars, you expected more than just proficient professionalism – but then again, there are worse reasons to put yourself through a movie, and at least through his running time, Scott keeps you gripped. If Lucas is dishonest in all the readily apparent ways, Roberts – for all his professional uprightness – has cheated on his family by reneging on his unspoken contract to always be there for them. And so on and on – and yet, they may not be all that different. Lucas is a self-made man, while Roberts, in order to get ahead, has to jump through Establishment hoops (like giving the bar exam). Lucas lords over a loving extended family, while Roberts isn’t just divorced but faced with the prospect of his ex-wife and child relocating to Las Vegas. Lucas is the kind of cold-blooded killer who sets a man on fire and makes sure the job is finished by pumping him full of lead, while Roberts stumbles upon nearly one million in drug money and conscientiously turns it in. Besides, just as every love story has a boy and a girl and an obstacle to overcome, every crime drama has its own roster of conventions to be ticked off – like the fact that Lucas and Roberts, here, are (what else?) polar opposites, and not just because they reside on the extremes of the moral continuum. But to be fair to Scott, I don’t see what he could have done, based as his film is on true-life incidents (and, therefore, true-life people). For that, you need characters – people – and not the generic constructs in American Gangster, who drag it down from what it could have been (remarkable) to what it ends up being (merely respectable). Had this been a legitimate concern, there’s little doubt Lucas would have gone public with an IPO.īut subtexts, however rich and unique and fascinating, can only take you so far in terms of a propulsive narrative. He may be killing people with what he does – or at least nudging them towards making nothing of their lives – but he’s doing so with a product he’s proud of. in a characteristically explosive cameo) buys 100%-pure merchandise from Lucas and dilutes it and peddles it on the street, an outraged Lucas accuses him of “trademark infringement.” There’s that pride of ownership in Lucas. And when a rival (played by Cuba Gooding Jr. ![]() Lucas brands his heroin “Blue Magic” and he boasts that he sells a product that’s better than the competition’s, but at half the price. If anything, he’s doing more than most people in helping put food on the tables of his underprivileged (and a few overprivileged) brothers.Īs Richie Roberts (Russell Crowe, playing the narcotics cop who finally brings Lucas down) marvels – upon fully comprehending the near-corporate network that Lucas has established – “Stop bringing dope into this country and 100,000 people are going to be out of a job.” And having laid down this (not exactly new) premise of capitalism and crime being but two sides of the same coin, Scott pushes it as hard as he can. ![]() Soon after, Frank Lucas (Denzel Washington) becomes the reigning druglord of Harlem by taking America’s cue – he procures drugs directly from Southeast Asia, thus cutting out the middlemen – but the sly joke of the film is that he does not end up putting Americans out of work. Walking past his Harlem neighbourhood, an old-time mobster – a black mobster, an anomaly in the New York run by the Italian mafia (which, come to think of it, could have become the aspect that set Scott’s film apart from its predecessors, except that he shows little interest in contrasting these crime subcultures) – bemoans the economic state of America of the late 1960s, where malls and discount stores are rapidly cutting out the middlemen and putting Americans out of work. ![]() – EARLY ON IN AMERICAN GANGSTER, DIRECTOR RIDLEY SCOTT attempts to distinguish his cop-versus-druglord story from the numerous, earlier cop-versus-druglord stories by making a stab at an overarching moral dimension. The drug scene of 1970s New York forms the backdrop of an okayish crime drama. Gina always comes home looking great, smelling great, and proud of herself! The groomers always seem willing to "go the extra mile", glad to do whatever it is we want them to - except things that are illegal or that risk harming an animal, which, of course, we would never ask of them. The folks at Pretty Pooch have also shown us a willingness to pay attention to what we, the dog's owners, ask them to do and they do so every single time. But when our dog always demonstrates enthusiasm for going in the door, and shows genuine affection for the groomers, something has to be right there. NZD 104 Product Details Customer Questions & Answers Customer Ratings Review this product OdorXit Odor & Stain Removers reviews by customers Write Your. ANY grooming experience creates a certain amount of anxiety on the part of an animal. The morning after, it does not smell at all. Another way of saying it: Our dog, "Gina", approves of the place! Think about it! if an animal cringes, or gets upset at being left in the care of some provider, chances are there's something basically wrong there. And I sprayed the crevices I could not reach with long cotton swabs. beginning, of course, with a strong empathy for the pets themselves. They're people who won't hesitate to go out of their way to do anything within reason to please their customers. we've found the staff at Pretty Pooch to be eager to please. And you have access, you can come in and see her handling the other animals so I was comfortable. My dogs were fine when I came to get them. I was comfortable with my dogs going there. ![]() Everything was nice, she was pleasant, she was good with the animals. Like I said I've only used her a couple of times, once with each dog. I asked her if I just need the dogs nails clipped, she said to just call me after 3 and I will try to get them in. In fact she was very flexible with me because my husband was no longer able to come with me. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. You can get an appointment within a reasonable amount of time. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for OdorXit Magic Odor Neutralizer - 8 Oz Spray Bottle at. Everything was clean, you have dog hair but she kept everything swept up really good. The quality was good, I was pleased with everything that she had in there. To get the dogs nails clipped it was like $5.00 and that is very good. I don't remember the prices but they were quite reasonable. We chose the Zero Odor Multi-Purpose Odor Eliminator as our top pick for the best car odor eliminator because it’s a versatile product. Thus far, I was pleased with the service. Dont buy from the company OdorXit Products. ![]() I just started using her, so I will likely continue. OdorXit Products - No money, delivery of the order and seller stopped to communicate. Everything was great with her and the prices were fabulous. We guarantee total odor elimination.She was good, but I haven't used her on a regular basis. People need odor eliminators they can count on and OdorXit has those product. Twenty plus years later OdorXit has saved many property sales and increased the houses' value, solved health and breathing concerns, and impressed lots of home owners because our products really do what they say they do - Eliminate Odors! Retirement communities use our products, kennels and catteries use our products, as well as home owners and pet owners too. This product has an odd smell to it that is slightly off putting but if it was able to get rid of the urine smell I could have lived with it. We named the company OdorXit - "We Show Odors The Exit". With a simple spray blast the smells away with OdorXit Magic. Pet or people urine, mold and mildew, cigarette smoke smells, and so much more and we started selling to our friends then online. Stinky fridge Dont worry, OdorXit has you covered. If they didn't smell fresh and clean, no one would buy them or rent them! We created a combination of products that totally eliminated almost any smell you could come across in your home or life. We had to learn how to 'show odors the exit' because we would buy smelly rental properties for investment and then clean them up. Leonardo DiCaprio, 47, and Gigi Hadid, 27, get cozy at a friend's party as they're seen together for FIRST TIME amid rumors of a romance Here's why the troublemakers won't mind tearing down the monarchyĪNOTHER pen disaster! Angry King Charles III tells flustered courtiers he 'can't bear this bloody thing' as his pen leaks while signing a document MEGHAN MCCAIN: No Oprah, Harry and Meghan's truce won't last. United in grief: Meghan and Harry join the royal family including the Prince and Princess of Wales to receive the Queen's coffin Princess of Wales' sweet tribute to the Queen: Kate wears elegant pearl necklace in subtle nod to the late monarch at Buckingham Palace Princess Anne says she 'was fortunate to share the last 24 hours of my mother's life' and 'it has been an honour to accompany her on her final journeys' Sophie in line to be Duchess of Edinburgh as daughter-in-law who called Queen 'mama' takes elevated royal role The King's vigil: Charles is seen waiting solemnly for his mother's final return to Buckingham Palace with ALL the Royal Family William and Harry will walk together with their father the King behind the Queen's coffin as it is transported to Westminster Hall on a gun carriage I have to remind myself I don't want to be unhealthy again as I was unhappy and I don't want to put my mental state through that anymore. ![]() ![]() ![]() 'But that's just myself setting up excuses for not wanting to go. The reality star admitted she has to 'remind' herself to be healthy so that she doesn't slip back into old habits, saying: 'I don't want to put my mental state through that anymore.'Įxplaining the struggle she faces, Fran shared a text from her gym alerting her that it was currently closed until further notice, and said: 'So this morning I went to go to the gym and I remembered a text I got last night, re read it this morning and was like, ah I haven't got to go to the gym today, it's the universe telling me not to train. She has lost two stone in weight after being trolled when she returned to TOWIE for a cameo appearance during the show's 10th anniversary in August.Īnd Fran opened up about the 'bad' mental and physical place she was in before embarking on her health and fitness journey earlier this year. Journey: She has lost two stone in weight after being trolled when she returned to TOWIE for a cameo appearance during the show's 10th anniversary in August ![]() I don't want to start overclocking yet, till I get to the bottom of this. The PC runs incredibly cool, with temperatures never exceeding 57C for any core under any of stress tests, way lower normally. I've replicated this a few times, sometimes it will take a little longer, but generally fails pretty quick. None of them failed other than the cache stability test. So by process of elimination I ran each of the tests separately. To my surprise, when the system stability test for the first time, before i had even touched overclock settings, it failed almost immediately! The system does not hang or crash or beep, AIDA just returns this message and stops the test: In preparation for overclocking, I installed AIDA64, so I could stability test after overclocking. More details about this processor you can find on the i5. The Intel Core i5-4690K comes with 6MB of last level cache, and it fits into 88 Watt thermal envelope. This feature can temporary 'overclock' the cores to 3.9 GHz. The microprocessor has Turbo technology enabled. The 100 MHz bump translates to an insignificant 2.9 performance increase. The two chips share identical architecture in fact the only difference between them is a 100 MHz bump to both the base and turbo clocks. ![]() Please contact OEM for the BIOS that includes the latest Processor configuration update. Comparing the 4690K and 4670K shows that little has changed. Some products can support AES New Instructions with a Processor Configuration update, in particular, i7-2630QM/i7-2635QM, i7-2670QM/i7-2675QM, i5-2430M/i5-2435M, i5-2410M/i5-2415M. I recently installed a water cooling system and upgraded bios, and have been using the PC at stock clock settings for everything, with no real issues. Intel Core i5-4690K is a quad-core processor with 3.5 GHz base frequency. The Intel Core i5-4690K is the latest incremental upgrade to Intel's unlocked mid-range quad core family of processors. Goals for this build: Fit a gaming build into the NZXT Phantom 240 Stick to the 1200 budget Work in a Dallas Cowboys theme (Texas residents). I've been using it with no real issues, other than a few ssd BSOD issues which I fixed with a bios and firmware update, running perfectly at the moment. Recently I built a PC, with the intent to overclock it. If you only see this issue occurring in your home, an office, school and any other kind of managed network, it’s probably because of some firewall rule that’s prohibiting the browser from establishing the required connections. Method 2: Dealing with the 3rd party firewall interferenceĪs it turns out, the issue can also occur due to some kind of network issue caused by your 3rd party firewall or security suite. If you’re still encountering the same Error setting up player: invalid license key issue, move down to the next potential fix below. After you do this, restart your computer and see if the issue is resolved at the next computer startup.While you’re on this menu, you can also modify the timezone to the correct value by clicking on the Change timezone.Then, move over to the Time box and set the appropriate time according to the timezone that you live in. Next, use the Date & Time menu to access the calendar and select the appropriate date.Once you’re inside the Date & Time window, go to the Date and time tab and click on Change date and time.Once you see the Run window, type ‘timedate.cpl’ inside the text box and press Enter to open up the Date and Time window. Press Windows key + R to open up a Run dialogue box.Note: The guide below is universal and will work regardless of the Windows version that you’re using. Here’s a quick guide on setting up the correct time, date & timezone on your computer: If you’re encountering the ‘Error setting up player: invalid license key’ when trying to play videos embedded with JW player, it’s probably because of the date & time differences between your computer and the server it’s trying to connect to are too much. This is confirmed by a lot of affected users as well as by JW support. This can either be done natively from your browser’s settings or via a cleanup app like Ccleaner.Īs weird as this might sound, a lot of users have confirmed that this problem can very well be caused by an improper time & date. ![]() In this case, you should be able to resolve the issue by clearing the cache and cookies of your browser.
![]() It also furthers the science of cities by providing a better understanding of urban patterns and how they correspond to evolutionary mechanisms, planning, and design. Measuring these network patterns can help researchers, planners, and community members understand local histories of urban design, transportation planning, and morphology evaluate existing transportation system patterns and configurations and explore new infrastructure proposals and alternatives. In particular, network orientation and geometry have played an outsized role in urban planning since its earliest days (Smith 2007). These networks in turn structure the human interactions and transportation processes that run along them, forming an important pillar of city planners’ quest for spatial order (Rose-Redwood and Bigon 2018). ![]() A city’s development eras, design paradigms, underlying terrain, culture, and local economic conditions influence the pattern, topology, and grain of its street networks (Jackson 1985 Kostof 1991). This study considers the spatial logic and geometric ordering that arise through street network orientation. Theories of urban order span sociological frameworks of physical-social disorder (e.g., “broken windows” theory), to public health goals of opening-up and sanitizing pathogenic urban spaces, to city planners’ pursuit of functional differentiation and regulation (Boyer 1983 Hatuka and Forsyth 2005 Mele 2017 O’Brien et al. One research stream has explored the nature of entropy and order in urban street networks, seeking to quantify patterns of spatial order and disorder in urban circulation systems (Gudmundsson and Mohajeri 2013 Li et al. In these spatial networks, entropy has deep theoretical connections with complexity (Batty 2005b Batty et al. 2013 Nilsson and Gil 2019 Tsiotas and Polyzos 2018 Wang 2015). 2014 Jiang and Claramunt 2004 Marshall 2004 Masucci et al. 2011 Ducruet and Beauguitte 2014 Jiang et al. 2013 Batty 2005a Boeing 2018a Buhl et al. Accordingly, researchers have recently devoted much attention to street network patterns, performance, complexity, and configuration (Barthelemy et al. They shape travel behavior, location decisions, and the texture of the urban fabric (Jacobs 1995 Levinson and El-Geneidy 2009 Parthasarathi et al. Spatial networks such as streets, paths, and transit lines organize the human dynamics of complex urban systems. These methods demonstrate automatic, scalable, reproducible tools to empirically measure and visualize city spatial order, illustrating complex urban transportation system patterns and configurations around the world. These indicators, taken in concert, help reveal the extent and nuance of the grid. On average, US/Canadian study sites are far more grid-like than those elsewhere, exhibiting less entropy and circuity. Significant statistical relationships exist between city orientation-order and other indicators of spatial order, including street circuity and measures of connectedness. A cluster analysis is performed to explore similarities and differences among these study sites in multiple dimensions. ![]() It also develops a new indicator of orientation-order that quantifies how a city’s street network follows the geometric ordering logic of a single grid. It measures the entropy of street bearings in weighted and unweighted network models, along with each city’s typical street segment length, average circuity, average node degree, and the network’s proportions of four-way intersections and dead-ends. This study examines street network orientation, configuration, and entropy in 100 cities around the world using OpenStreetMap data and OSMnx. Past studies have explored individual cases of orientation and entropy, but little is known about broader patterns and trends worldwide. Measures of entropy reveal a city’s streets’ order and disorder. Street networks may be planned according to clear organizing principles or they may evolve organically through accretion, but their configurations and orientations help define a city’s spatial logic and order. |
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